The effectiveness of ethanol extract of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruit peels as antimalarial to eosinophil count in mice (Mus musculus) induced by Plasmodium berghei
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium that is transmitted to humans through female Anopheles mosquito bite. Many cases of antimalarial drug resistance such as chloroquine led to the need for new antimalarial discoveries. Eggplant contains many secondary metabolites that are potential as antimalarial. This study aimed to determine the effectivity of ethanol extract of eggplant peels as antimalarial towards eosinophil in mice induced by Plasmodium berghei. Eggplant peels were extracted by maceration method using 70% ethanol. The analysis of secondary metabolites from the ethanol extract of eggplant peels was conducted using tube test and thin layer chromatography. The percentage of parasitemia and eosinophil were calculated from peripheral blood smear of mice which were treated with extracts at the doses of 0.075, 0.15, and 0.30 mg/20 g of body weight. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquin (3.744 mg/20 g of body weight) was used as positive control, while distilled water was used as negative control. The study showed that ethanolic extract of the eggplant peels contained alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolic, and saponins. The extract effectively reduced parasitemia at a dose of 0.075 mg/20 g, but it was not effective in increasing the number of eosinophil in mice. There was no correlation between the number of parasitemia and eosinophil. The study concludes that ethanolic extract of the eggplant peels exhibits antimalarial activity, but does not show immunomodulatory activity in increasing eosinophil.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication simultaneously under the Creative Commons Attribution License. This license allows others to share the work with proper acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to deposit their articles in institutional repositories, on their personal websites, or in other online repositories after the article has been published in JSFK.
References
. Hakim L. Malaria: Epidemiologi dan Diagnosis. Aspirator. 2011;3(2):107-16.
. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Malaria. Jakarta: Depkes; 2016.
. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Epidemiologi malaria di Indonesia. Jakarta: Depkes; 2011.
. Tatura SNN. Efikasi obat kloroquine, kina, artesunate-SP, artesunate-amodiaquine, artesunate-lumafentrin pada anak malaria falciparum di BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. RD, Kandou Manado. Sari Pediatri. 2009;10(6):417-23. https://doi.org/10.14238/sp10.6.2009.417-23.
. Saleh GS. Chemical detection of some active compounds in egg plant (Solanum melongena) callus as compared with fruit and root contents. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2015;4(5):160-5.
. Fraikue FB. Unveiling the potential utility of eggplant: A review: proceedings of INCEDI 2016 Conference; 2016 Aug 29-31; Accra, Ghana; 2016.
. Mescher AL. Junqueira’s basic histology: text and atlas 13th Ed. US: McGraw-Hill Education; 2013.
. Kurtzhals JAL, Reimert CM, Tette E, Dunyo SK, Koram KA, Akanmori BD, Nkrumah FK, Hviid L. Increased eosinophil activity in acute Plasmodium falciparum infection-association with cerebral malaria. Clin Exp Immunol. 1998;112:303-7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00586.x
. Rachmadenawanti E, Hermansyah B, Hermansyah Y. Uji aktivitas fraksi diklorometana ekstrak metanol Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) sebagai terapi komplementer malaria secara in vivo. J Pus Kes. 2016;4(2):205-9.
. Gandasoebrata R. Penuntun Laboratorium Klinik. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat; 2010.
. Chen Y, Li S, Sun F, Han H, Zhang X, Fan Y, et al. In vivo antimalarial activities of glycoalkaloids isolated from Solanaceae plants. Pharm Biol. 2010;48(9):1018–24. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880200903440211
. Sucha L, Tomsik P. The steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanaceae: toxic effect, antitumor activity and mechanism of action. Planta Med. 2016;82:379-87. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-100810
. Shabana MM, Salama MM, Ezzat SM, Ismail LR. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of the fruit peels of Solanum melongena L. against hepatocellular carcinoma. J Carcinog Mutagen. 2013;4(3):1-6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2518.1000149
. Hall CA, Hobby T, Cipollini M. Efficacy and mechanisms of α-solasonine and α-solamargine induced cytolysis on two strains of Trypanosoma cruzi. J Chem Ecol. 2006;32:2405–16.
. Milner SE, Brunton NP, Jones PW, O’Brien NM, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59:3454-84. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf200439q
. Al Sinani SSS, Eltayeb EA. The Steroidal glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine in Solanum plants. S Afr J Bot. 2017;112:253-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.06.002
. Perret-Gentil MI. Mouse Biomethodology [Internet]. UTSA. 2013 [cited 30 September 2017]. Available from: https://research.utsa.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Mousebiomethodologyhandouts.pdf
. Campbell TW. Exotic animal hematology and cytology: Fourth Edition, US: Wiley Blackwell; 2015.
. Bouic PJD, Etsebeth S, Liebenberg RW, Albrecht CF, Pegel K, Van Jaarsveld PP. Beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol glucoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation: implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1996;18(12):693-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1092-0561(97)85551-8
. Alhassan AW, Mabrouk MAA, Okpe EA, Salawu EO, Omotoso OE. Effects of aqueous extract of Solanum melongena on blood system of wistar rats. World J Life Sci and Med Res. 2012;2(5):159-65.
. Mbah UO, Egbuonu ACC. Ameliorative potentials of eggplant (Solanum melongena Linn) fruit ethanolic extract on monosodium glutamate-intoxicated rats’ lipid profile, haematology and heart histology. Int J Biochem Res Rev. 2017;18(3):1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2017/35057
. Nirmal SA, Patel AP, Bhawar SB, Pattan SR. Antihistaminic and antiallergic actions of extracts of Solanum nigrum berries: possible role in the treatment of asthma. J Etnopharmacol. 2012;142:91-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.201204.019
. Vadnere GP, Gaud RS, Singhai AK. Evaluation of anti asthmatic property of Solanum xanthocarpum flower extracts. Pharmacologyonline. 2008;1:513-22.
. Kotepui M, Piwkham D, Phunphuech B, Phiwklam N, Chupeerach C, Duangmano S. Effects of malaria parasite density on blood cell parameters. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):1-11.
. Sarjono WT. Perbedaan jumlah eosinofil darah tepi pada penderita pengidap infeksi cacing usus dan malaria. Maj Kedokt Indon. 1999;49:43-7.
. Davis TME, Ho M, Supanaranond W, Looareesuwan S, Pukrittayakamee S, White NJ. Changes in the peripheral blood eosinophil count in falciparum malaria. Acta Trop. 1991;48:243-5.
. Malaguarnera L, Musumeci S. The Immune response to Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:472-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(02)00344-4
. Camacho LH, Wilairatana P, Weiss G, Mercader MA, Brittenham GM, Looareesuwan S, Gordeuk VR. The Eosinophilic response and haematological recovery after treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health. 1999;4(7):471-5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00426.x
. Mexitalia M; Nurjaya IGKO; Saptanto A, Tamam M, Hartantyo I, Soemantri Ag. Status gizi, eosinofilia dan kepadatan parasit malaria anak sekolah dasar di daerah endemis malaria. Sari Pediatri. 2007;9(4):274-80.
. Abbas AK; Lichtman AH; Pillai S. Cellular and molecular immunology 7th Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012.
. Mading M, Yunarko R. Respon imun terhadap infeksi parasit malaria. J Vektor Penyakit. 2014;8(2):45-52.
. Zainal-Abidin BAH, Robiah Y, Ismail G. Plasmodium berghei: eosinophilic depression of infection in mice. Exp Parasitol. 1984;57:20-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(84)90057-2
. Muwonge H, Kikomeko S, Sembajjwe LF, Seguya A, Namugwanya C. How reliable are hematological parameters in predicting uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an endemic region?, ISRN Trop Med. 2013;2013:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/673798