Knowledge and Beliefs about the Use of Antibiotics in Society: A Questionnaire Study of Gorontalo Province, Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
A lack of public understanding of the use of antibiotics has the potential to cause inappropriate use of antibiotics. The research aims to obtain information about the knowledge and beliefs of respondents regarding the use of antibiotics in Gorontalo Province.
Methods: The study population is people over 18 years of age. Sampling was done randomly (N=384). Data was collected using a questionnaire and the results were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Of the 384 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 55.99% of respondents knew that antibiotics had to be purchased with a doctor's prescription and that various types of antibiotics could be used for one type of bacterial infection (70.31%), antibiotics could be taken twice at the next dose (63.80%), accelerated recovery (60.16%), its use was stopped when symptoms disappeared (56.25%), the method of use was the same as other drugs (52.86) and effectively treated viruses (51.82). %), antibiotics can cause allergies (52.34%), resistance (59.38%), and bacterial resistance can increase if their use is not appropriate (48.96%). The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant and unidirectional relationship between the two (rho=0.467).
Conclusion: Respondents have adequate knowledge about antibiotics, resistance, and side effects but have inaccurate knowledge about the effectiveness of antibiotics for viral infections. Respondents have sufficient confidence that antibiotics cannot be obtained without a prescription, do not treat all diseases, and can cause resistance and side effects.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication simultaneously under the Creative Commons Attribution License. This license allows others to share the work with proper acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to deposit their articles in institutional repositories, on their personal websites, or in other online repositories after the article has been published in JSFK.
References
Puspitasari HP, Faturrohmah A, Hermansyah A. Do Indonesian community pharmacy workers respond to antibiotics requests appropriately?: Response to antibiotics requests. Trop Med Int Health. 2011 Jul;16(7):840–6.
Radyowijati A, Haak H. Improving antibiotic use in low-income countries: an overview of evidence on determinants. Soc Sci Med. 2003 Aug 1;57(4):733–44.
Lim KK, Teh CC. A Cross Sectional Study of Public Knowledge and Attitude towards Antibiotics in Putrajaya, Malaysia. South Med Rev. 2012 Dec 27;5(2):26–33.
Awad AI, Aboud EA. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Antibiotic Use among the Public in Kuwait. PLOS ONE. 2015 Feb 12;10(2):e0117910.
Zajmi D, Berisha M, Begolli I, Hoxha R, Mehmeti R, Mulliqi-Osmani G, et al. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use in Kosovo. Pharm Pract. 2017;15(1):827.
Ocan M, Obuku E, Bwanga F, Akena D, Richard S, Ogwal-okeng J, et al. Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2015;15. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/581b9da51663184ec6d1d55036b5059d48e89ed8
Gandra S, Barter DM, Laxminarayan R. Economic burden of antibiotic resistance: how much do we really know? Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014 Oct;20(10):973–80.
Antimicrobial resistance in the EU/EEA (EARS-Net) - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2019 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Feb 24]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/surveillance-antimicrobial-resistance-europe-2019
Abdulhak ABB, Altannir M, Almansor MA, Almohaya M, Onazi AS, Marei M, et al. Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:538–538.
Ajie AAD, Andrajati R, Radji M. Factors Affecting The sale of Non-Prescribed Antibiotics in Jakarta. Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Appl Pharm. 2018 Dec 20;10(1):243.
Marković-Peković V, Grubiša N, Burger J, Bojanić L, Godman B. Initiatives to Reduce Nonprescription Sales and Dispensing of Antibiotics: Findings and Implications. J Res Pharm Pract. 2017;6:120–5.
Grigoryan L, Burgerhof J, Degener J, Deschepper R, Lundborg C, Monnet D, et al. Attitudes, beliefs and knowledge concerning antibiotic use and selfâ€medication: a comparative European study. 2007; Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1524f616968f97fa2295dc87df9c5d82391f7da7
Widayati A, Suryawati S, de Crespigny C, Hiller JE. Knowledge and beliefs about antibiotics among people in Yogyakarta City Indonesia: a cross sectional population-based survey. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012;1(1):38.
Yu M, Zhao G, Stålsby Lundborg C, Zhu Y, Zhao Q, Xu B. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of parents in rural China on the use of antibiotics in children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Dec;14(1):112.
Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 6]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/112642
Farmalkes S. Permenkes 2406 2011 Pedoman Umum Penggunaan Antibiotik | Direktorat Jenderal Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesehatan [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Mar 6]. Available from: https://farmalkes.kemkes.go.id/unduh/permenkes24062011pedoman-umum-penggunaan-antibiotik/
Astuti D, Nurhayati Y. Evaluasi Kualitatif Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Anak Dengan Metode Gyssens Di RSUD Karawang. Pharma Xplore J Sains Dan Ilmu Farm. 2019;4(1):297–302.
Wowiling C, Goenawi LR, Citraningtyas G. Pengaruh penyuluhan penggunaan antibiotika terhadap tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat di Kota Manado. Pharmacon. 2013;2(3).
Komala L, Komariah K, Novianti E, Subekti P, Lukman S. Utilizing social media for socialization of gema cermat program by public health office of west java indonesia. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing; 2019. p. 012233.
Hermansyah A, Wulandari L, Kristina SA, Meilianti S. Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Indonesia. Pharm Pract Granada. 2020;18(3).
Parathon H, Kuntaman K, Widiastoety TH, Muliawan BT, Karuniawati A, Qibtiyah M, et al. Progress towards antimicrobial resistance containment and control in Indonesia. BMJ. 2017 Sep 5;358:j3808.
Nazir S, Azim M. Assessment of antibiotic self-medication practice among public in the northwestern region of Pakistan. Eur J Hosp Pharm Sci Pract. 2017 Jul;24(4):200–3.
PavydÄ— E, Veikutis V, MaÄiulienÄ— A, MaÄiulis V, Petrikonis K, StankeviÄius E. Public Knowledge, Beliefs and Behavior on Antibiotic Use and Self-Medication in Lithuania. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Jun;12(6):7002–16.
Nuraini A, Yulia R, Herawati F, Setiasih S. The Relation between Knowledge and Belief with Adult Patient’s Antibiotics Use Adherence. J Manaj DAN PELAYANAN Farm J Manag Pharm Pract. 2019 Feb 12;8(4):165–74.
Alhomoud F, Almahasnah R, Alhomoud FK. “You could lose when you misuse†– factors affecting over-the-counter sale of antibiotics in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 Dec;18(1):915.
Alhomoud F, Aljamea Z, Almahasnah R, Alkhalifah K, Basalelah L, Alhomoud FK. Self-medication and self-prescription with antibiotics in the Middle East-do they really happen? A systematic review of the prevalence, possible reasons, and outcomes. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2017 Apr;57:3–12.
Munthe C, Malmqvist E, Rönnerstrand B. Non-prescription acquisition of antibiotics: Prevalence, motives, pathways and explanatory factors in the Swedish population. PloS One. 2022;17(9):e0273117.
Hawkes BA, Khan SM, Bell ML, Guernsey de Zapien J, Ernst KC, Ellingson KD. Healthcare System Distrust and Non-Prescription Antibiotic Use: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Adult Antibiotic Users. Antibiotics. 2023 Jan;12(1):79.
Grigoryan L, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Burgerhof JGM, Mechtler R, Deschepper R, Tambic-Andrasevic A, et al. Self-medication with Antimicrobial Drugs in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Mar;12(3):452–9.
Mallah N, Badro DA, Figueiras A, Takkouche B. Association of knowledge and beliefs with the misuse of antibiotics in parents: A study in Beirut (Lebanon). PloS One. 2020;15(7):e0232464.
Friedman JF, Lee GM, Kleinman KP, Finkelstein JA. Acute care and antibiotic seeking for upper respiratory tract infections for children in day care: parental knowledge and day care center policies. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003 Apr;157(4):369–74.
Lim JM, Duong MC, Cook AR, Hsu LY, Tam CC. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices related to antibiotic use and resistance in Singapore: a cross-sectional population survey. BMJ Open. 2021 Sep 1;11(9):e048157.
Tangcharoensathien V, Chanvatik S, Kosiyaporn H, Kirivan S, Kaewkhankhaeng W, Thunyahan A, et al. Population knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance: results from national household survey 2019 and changes from 2017. BMC Public Health. 2021 Nov 29;21(1):2188.
Lum EPM, Page K, Nissen L, Doust J, Graves N. Australian consumer perspectives, attitudes and behaviours on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance: a qualitative study with implications for public health policy and practice. BMC Public Health. 2017 Oct 10;17(1):799.
Hadi U, Duerink DO, Lestari ES, Nagelkerke NJ, Werter S, Keuter M, et al. Survey of antibiotic use of individuals visiting public healthcare facilities in Indonesia. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis. 2008 Nov;12(6):622–9.
Widayati A, Suryawati S, de Crespigny C, Hiller JE. Beliefs about the use of nonprescribed antibiotics among people in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia: a qualitative study based on the theory of planned behavior. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015 Mar;27(2):NP402-413.
Ekambi GAE, Ebongue CO, Penda IC, Nga EN, Mpondo EM, Moukoko CEE. Knowledge, practices and attitudes on antibiotics use in Cameroon: Self-medication and prescription survey among children, adolescents and adults in private pharmacies. PLOS ONE. 2019 Feb 28;14(2):e0212875.
Zawahir S, Lekamwasam S, Aslani P. Antibiotic dispensing practice in community pharmacies: A simulated client study. Res Soc Adm Pharm RSAP. 2019 May;15(5):584–90.
Miller R, Goodman C. Performance of retail pharmacies in low- and middle-income Asian settings: a systematic review. Health Policy Plan. 2016 Sep 1;31(7):940–53.
Aponte-González J, González-Acuña A, Lopez J, Brown P, Eslava-Schmalbach J. Perceptions in the community about the use of antibiotics without a prescription: Exploring ideas behind this practice. Pharm Pract. 2019;17(1):1394.
Napolitano F, Della Polla G, De Simone C, Lambiase C, Pelullo CP, Angelillo IF. The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Community Pharmacists in their Approach to Antibiotic Use: A Nationwide Survey in Italy. Antibiotics. 2019 Oct 7;8(4):177.
Hijazi ARA, Jammoul Z, Fares S, Kassak KM. Antibiotic Use: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of a Southern Community in Lebanon. Eur J Environ Public Health. 2021 Jul 23;5(2):em0088.
Sobeck J, Smith-Darden J, Gartner D, Kaljee L, Pieper B, Kilgore P, et al. Antibiotic Knowledge, Beliefs, and Behaviors: Testing Competing Hypotheses Using an Urban Community Sample. Health Commun. 2022 Jun;37(7):862–71.
Alqarni S, Abdulbari M. Knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic use within consumers in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. 2018; Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d549a19e0307476c03c861d5ba43032bd2a7dd66
Abdelmalek S, AlEjielat R, Rayyan WA, Qinna N, Darwish D. Changes in public knowledge and perceptions about antibiotic use and resistance in Jordan: a cross-sectional eight-year comparative study. BMC Public Health. 2021 Apr 19;21(1):750.
Al Omari S, Al Mir H, Wrayde S, Merhabi S, Dhaybi I, Jamal S, et al. First Lebanese Antibiotic Awareness Week campaign: knowledge, attitudes and practices towards antibiotics. J Hosp Infect. 2019 Apr;101(4):475–9.
Karuniawati H, Hassali MAA, Suryawati S, Ismail WI, Taufik T, Hossain MdS. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Antibiotic Use among the Population of Boyolali, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Aug 4;18(16):8258.
Alzoubi K, Al-Azzam S, Alhusban A, Mukattash T, Al-Zubaidy S, Alomari N, et al. An audit on the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes about the uses and side-effects of antibiotics among outpatients attending 2 teaching hospitals in Jordan. East Mediterr Health J Rev Sante Mediterr Orient Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit. 2013 May;19(5):478–84.
Zapata-Cachafeiro M, González-González C, Váquez-Lago JM, López-Vázquez P, López-Durán A, Smyth E, et al. Determinants of antibiotic dispensing without a medical prescription: a cross-sectional study in the north of Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Nov;69(11):3156–60.
Mudenda S, Hankombo M, Saleem Z, Sadiq MJ, Banda M, Munkombwe D, et al. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Community Pharmacists on Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Lusaka, Zambia [Internet]. medRxiv; 2020 [cited 2023 Feb 23]. p. 2020.08.27.20181826. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.27.20181826v1
Bell BG, Schellevis F, Stobberingh E, Goossens H, Pringle M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 9;14:13.
Jamhour A, El-Kheir A, Salameh P, Hanna PA, Mansour H. Antibiotic knowledge and self-medication practices in a developing country: A cross-sectional study. Am J Infect Control. 2017 Apr 1;45(4):384–8.
Pan DST, Huang JH, Lee MHM, Yu Y, Chen MIC, Goh EH, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards antibiotic use in upper respiratory tract infections among patients seeking primary health care in Singapore. BMC Fam Pract. 2016 Nov 3;17:148.
Lv B, Zhou Z, Xu G, Yang D, Wu L, Shen Q, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning selfâ€medication with antibiotics among university students in western China. 2014; Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/45ac4e97c51530cc0ace91b1dc51a67770ed0a63
Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Theory, Research, and Practice. 2013;